What is a biostimulant?
A plant biostimulant is a substance(s), microorganism(s), or mixtures thereof, that, when applied to seeds, fertilizer, plants, the rhizosphere, soil or other growth media, act to support a plant’s natural nutrition processes independently of the biostimulant’s nutrient content.
Plant biostimulant thereby improves one or more of:
- nutrient availability, uptake, or use efficiency.
- tolerance to abiotic stress such as drought, salinity, or disease.
- consequent growth, development, plant vigour, crop quality or yield.
Plant biostimulants can be placed into five compositional categories:
A. Microbial based biostimulants
1. Live microbial products
2. Complex products based on non-living microorganisms and their metabolites
B. Algal or plant extract biostimulants
1. Aquatic plant extracts
2. Microalgal and macroalgal extracts
3. Higher plant extracts
C. Complex carbon-based biostimulants
1. Humic substances. These can be mined natural deposits or synthesised from composts or organic agricultural by-products. They are primarily composed of three fractions (humic acids, fulvic acids, and humin). Sources of humic substances are commercially harvested from terrestrial deposits which include, but are not limited to, Leonardite, oxidized lignite, oxidized sub-bituminous coals, humalite, carbonaceous shales (including humic shale), peat, and sapropel.
2. Other complex carbon-based residuals and extracts (e.g., vermicompost/worm castings, compost waste materials, biochar etc.), or liquid extracts derived from these materials (e.g., compost tea, etc.).
D. Protein hydrolysate biostimulants (containing peptides and free amino acids) - derived from plant, animal, or microbial protein feedstock
1. Manufactured by chemical hydrolysis.
2. Manufactured by enzymatic hydrolysis.
E. Defined molecules purified from minerals, plants, animals, microbes, or obtained by synthesis.
These may include:
1. Organic molecules that are not defined as humic substances (e.g., amino acids, polyamines, polyphenols, betaines, oligosaccharides, alginates, carboxylic acids, fatty acids, chitin, chitosan, etc.)
2. Minerals that may not be recognized as plant nutrients (e.g., silicon, selenium, etc.).
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